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(Alternative Version) Penal Substitutionary Atonement: Why Did Jesus Die on The Cross

This book makes a detailed case for penal atonement while rejecting harsh caricatures that divide the Father and the Son. It treats Scripture, theology, and major objections in a way meant to stay readable for lay readers.

Table of Contents


Chapter 1—Introduction: The Cross at the Center

Chapter 2—Atonement Terminology

Chapter 3—The Character of God

Chapter 4—Sacrifice and Atonement in the OT Levitical System

Chapter 5—Day of Atonement

Chapter 6—Isaiah 53, The Suffering Servant

Chapter 7—Jesus Self Understanding of His Death

Chapter 8—Romans 3:21-26

Chapter 9—The Broader Pauline Witness

Chapter 10—Hebrews Definitive Sacrifice

Chapter 11—1 Peter, Cry of Dereliction

Chapter 12—The Johannine Witness

Chapter 13—Apostolic Fathers, Second Century Atonement

Chapter 14—The Patristic Era

Chapter 15—Correcting the Record

Chapter 16—Anselm, Abelard, Medieval Atonement

Chapter 17—The Reformation, Luther, Calvin, and the Rise of Penal Substitution

Chapter 18—Post Reformation to Modern Era

Chapter 19—Penal Substitutionary Atonement

Chapter 20—The Love of the Trinity in the Atonement

Chapter 21—Christus Victor

Chapter 22—Ransom, Satisfaction, Moral Influence, Governmental

Chapter 23—Recapitulation, Theosis, Eastern Orthodox

Chapter 24—Integration, Multi-Faceted Atonement

Chapter 25—The Coherence of Penal Substitution

Chapter 26—Divine Justice, Retribution, and the Moral Government of God

Chapter 27—The Problem of Punishment Transfer and Moral Responsibility

Chapter 28—Representation, Federal Headship, Corporate Solidarity

Chapter 29—Free Will, Faith and the Appropriation of the Atonement

Chapter 30—The Universal Scope of the Atonement

Chapter 31—Answering Limited Atonement

Chapter 32—Exegetical Objections to PSA

Chapter 33—Theological and Moral Objections to PSA

Chapter 34—Eastern Orthodox Critique

Chapter 35—Contemporary Objections

Chapter 36—The Atonement Applied

Chapter 37—The Atonement, Worship and the Christian Life

Chapter 38—Conclusion, The Inexhaustible Cross

Appendix A—Scripture Index

Appendix B—Annotated Bibliography

Appendix C—Glossary

Appendix D—Church Fathers Quick Reference


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