(Alternative Version) Penal Substitutionary Atonement: Why Did Jesus Die on The Cross

This book makes a detailed case for penal atonement while rejecting harsh caricatures that divide the Father and the Son. It treats Scripture, theology, and major objections in a way meant to stay readable for lay readers.

Table of Contents


Chapter 1Introduction: The Cross at the Center

Chapter 2Atonement Terminology

Chapter 3The Character of God

Chapter 4Sacrifice and Atonement in the OT Levitical System

Chapter 5Day of Atonement

Chapter 6Isaiah 53, The Suffering Servant

Chapter 7Jesus Self Understanding of His Death

Chapter 8Romans 3:21-26

Chapter 9The Broader Pauline Witness

Chapter 10Hebrews Definitive Sacrifice

Chapter 111 Peter, Cry of Dereliction

Chapter 12The Johannine Witness

Chapter 13Apostolic Fathers, Second Century Atonement

Chapter 14The Patristic Era

Chapter 15Correcting the Record

Chapter 16Anselm, Abelard, Medieval Atonement

Chapter 17The Reformation, Luther, Calvin, and the Rise of Penal Substitution

Chapter 18Post Reformation to Modern Era

Chapter 19Penal Substitutionary Atonement

Chapter 20The Love of the Trinity in the Atonement

Chapter 21Christus Victor

Chapter 22Ransom, Satisfaction, Moral Influence, Governmental

Chapter 23Recapitulation, Theosis, Eastern Orthodox

Chapter 24Integration, Multi-Faceted Atonement

Chapter 25The Coherence of Penal Substitution

Chapter 26Divine Justice, Retribution, and the Moral Government of God

Chapter 27The Problem of Punishment Transfer and Moral Responsibility

Chapter 28Representation, Federal Headship, Corporate Solidarity

Chapter 29Free Will, Faith and the Appropriation of the Atonement

Chapter 30The Universal Scope of the Atonement

Chapter 31Answering Limited Atonement

Chapter 32Exegetical Objections to PSA

Chapter 33Theological and Moral Objections to PSA

Chapter 34Eastern Orthodox Critique

Chapter 35Contemporary Objections

Chapter 36The Atonement Applied

Chapter 37The Atonement, Worship and the Christian Life

Chapter 38Conclusion, The Inexhaustible Cross

Appendix AScripture Index

Appendix BAnnotated Bibliography

Appendix CGlossary

Appendix DChurch Fathers Quick Reference